Histopathology- Definition it is a branch of pathology which deals with the study of disease in a tissue section.
The tissue undergoes a series of steps before it reaches the examiners desk to be thoroughly examined microscopically to arrive at a particular diagnosis. To achieve this it is important that the tissue must be prepared in such a manner that it is sufficiently thick or thin to be examined microscopically and all the structures in a tissue may be differentiated.
The cell is the single structural unit of all tissues. The study of cell is called cytology
A tissue is a group of cells specialized and differentiated to perform a specialized function. Collection of different type of cells forms an organ.
Type of material obtained in laboratory
1- Human Tissue specimen
The human tissue comes from the surgery and the autopsy room from surgery
autopsy - تشريح الجثث
three types of tissue are obtained.
1. As biopsy- A small piece of lesions or tumor which in sent for diagnosis before final removal of the lesion or the tumor (Incisional biopsy).
Incisional - مقطعي
2. Excisional biopsy If the whole of the tumor or lesion is sent for examination and diagnosis by the pathologist.
3. Tissues from the autopsy are sent for the study of disease and its course, for the advancement of medicine.
Types of Histological preparation
The histological specimen can be prepared as
1. Whole mounts- These are preparation entire animal eg. fungus, parasite These preparations should be no more than 0.2-0.5 mm in thickness.
- الكمية الكلية : يعني نأتي بالفايروس او الفطري كله ( لانه لا يمكن تجزئة الطفيلي او الفطري فهما صغيران لدرجة كبيرة) ثم يوضعان على اسلايد لاجل الفحص تحت المجهر
2. Sections- The majority of the preparations in histology are sections. The tissue is cut in about 3-5 mm thick pieces processed and 5 microns thick
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sections are cut on a microtome. These are then stained and permanently mounted.
mounted - تركيب - بطاقة التموينية راكبة بجيب السايرة
3. Smears- Smears are made from blood, bone marrow or any fluid such as pleural or ascetic fluid.
الاستسقاء - ascetic fluid :هو تراكم للسوائل في البطن. غالبًا ما يحدث نتيجة لتليف الكبد ، وهو مرض كبدي. تحدث إلى مقدم الرعاية الصحية الخاص بك إذا كنت تعاني من تليف الكبد ولاحظت أنك تكتسب وزناً بسرعة كبيرة.
السائل الجنبي - pleural fluif : هو سائل يتراكم على جوانب الرئة وتؤخذ مسحة منه
2- Specimen Requirements
1. Containers
2. Slides/Cassettes
3. Cassettes
4. Cryomold
5. Scalpel
6. Cap
3- reagents
2. 1- formalin 10% for fixation
3. 2- alcohol (70% - 90% - 100%) for dehydration
4. 3- xylene for clearing
5. 4-wax (paraffin) for infiltration
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4- instruments
1- Microscopes:
Is an important device that produces a magnified image of objects too small to be seen with the naked eye, the microscope is widely used in medicine and biology.
Microscope Parts
2- Electronic microscope: These types are:
Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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- التثبيت - formalin -
- التجفيف - alcohole
- التطهير - xylene
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